Downhole NMR tool antenna design

ABSTRACT

An NMR tool includes RF antennae and a cylindrical permanent magnet to establish a static magnetic B 0  field for performing the NMR measurement sequence. The magnetic field of the magnet is polarized across the diameter of the magnet. A ferrite material is located adjacent to the permanent magnet. The antennae are located near opposite ends of the ferrite material and are formed from corresponding coils that are wound around the ferrite material such that the magnetic moments of the antennae are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the magnet.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U. S. patent application Ser. No.09/427,370, filed Oct. 26, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/368,341, entitled, “Method and Apparatusfor Performing Magnetic Resonance Measurements,” filed on Aug. 9, 1999,now U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,818 issued Jul. 3, 2001 which claims the benefitof provisional application No. 60/107,184 filed Nov. 5, 1998.

BACKGROUND

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements typically are performed toinvestigate properties of a sample. For example, an NMR wireline orlogging while drilling (LWD) downhole tool may be used to measureproperties of subterranean formations. In this manner, the typicaldownhole NMR tool may, for example, provide a lithology-independentmeasurement of the porosity of a particular formation by determining thetotal amount of hydrogen present in fluids of the formation. Equallyimportant, the NMR tool may also provide measurements that indicate thedynamic properties and environment of the fluids, as these factors maybe related to petrophysically important parameters. For example, the NMRmeasurements may provide information that may be used to derive thepermeability of the formation and viscosity of fluids contained withinthe pore space of the formation. It may be difficult or impossible toderive this information from other conventional logging arrangements.Thus, it is the capacity of the NMR tool to perform these measurementsthat makes it particularly attractive versus other types of downholetools.

Typical NMR logging tools include a magnet that is used to polarizehydrogen nuclei (protons) in the formation and a transmitter coil, orantenna, that receives radio frequency (RF) pulses from a pulsegenerator of the tool and in response, radiates RF pulses into theformation. A receiver antenna may measure the response (indicated by areceived RF signal called a spin echo signal) of the polarized hydrogento the transmitted pulses. Quite often, the transmitter and receiverantennae are combined into a single transmitter/receiver antenna.

The NMR techniques employed in current NMR tools typically involve somevariant of a basic two step technique that includes delaying for apolarization time and thereafter using an acquisition sequence. Duringthe polarization time (often referred to as a “wait time”), the protonsin the formation polarize in the direction of a static magnetic field(called B₀) that is established by a permanent magnet (of the NMR tool).

An example of an NMR sequence is a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG)sequence 15 that is depicted in FIG. 1. By applying the sequence 15, adistribution of spin relaxation times (T2 times, for example) may beobtained, and this distribution may be used to determine and map theproperties of a formation. A technique that uses CPMG sequences 15 tomeasure the T2 times may include the following steps. In the first step,the NMR tool pulses an RF field (called the B₁ field) for an appropriatetime interval to apply a 90° excitation pulse 14 a to rotate the spinsof hydrogen nuclei that are initially aligned along the direction of theB₀ field. Although not shown in detail, each pulse is effectively anenvelope, or burst, of an RF carrier signal. When the spins are rotatedaround B₁ away from the direction of the B₀ field, the spins immediatelybegin to precess around B₀. At the end of the pulse 14 a, the spins arerotated by 90° into the plane perpendicular to the B₀ field. The spinscontinue to precess in this plane first in unison, then gradually losingsynchronization.

For step two, at a fixed time T_(CP) following the excitation pulse 14a, the NMR tool pulses the B₁ field for a longer period of time (thanthe excitation pulse 14 a) to apply an NMR refocusing pulse 14 b torotate the precessing spins through an angle of 180° with the carrierphase shifted by ±90°. The NMR pulse 14 b causes the spins toresynchronize and radiate an associated spin echo signal 16 (see FIG. 2)that peaks at 2.T_(CP) after the 90° tipping pulse 14 a. Step two may berepeated “k” times (where “k” is called the number of echoes and mayassume a value anywhere from several to as many as several thousand, asan example) at the interval of 2.T_(CP). For step three, aftercompleting the spin-echo sequence, a waiting period (usually called await time) is required to allow the spins to return to equilibrium alongthe B₀ field before starting the next CPMG sequence 15 to collectanother set of spin echo signals. The decay of the amplitudes of eachset of spin echo signals 16 may be used to derive a distribution of T2times.

Although it may be desirable to vary the characteristics of themeasurement sequence to optimize performance to a particular formation,unfortunately, a conventional NMR tool may be specifically designed toperform a predefined NMR measurement sequence. Thus, the conventionaltool may provide limited flexibility for changing the sequence, as theparameters that may be programmed into the tool may affect the globaltiming of the sequence without allowing the flexibility to change aparticular portion of the sequence. For example, a conventional NMR toolmay be programmed with the above-described T_(CP) time, the time betweenthe tipping pulse 14 a and the first refocusing pulse 14 b. However,this value also sets the time (2.T_(CP)) between successive refocusingpulses 14 b. Thus, although a time between refocusing pulses 14 b otherthan 2.T_(CP) may be desired to optimize performance of the tool, thetool may not provide the flexibility to change this time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention is an NMR measurement apparatus comprising apermanent magnet, a ferromagnetic material located adjacent to thepermanent magnet, and at least one coil circumscribing the ferromagneticmaterial. A circuit is coupled to the coil and adapted to use at leastone coil and the permanent magnet to perform NMR measurements.

Another embodiment of the invention is an NMR measurement apparatuscomprising a permanent magnet, a metallic housing at least partiallyencasing the permanent magnet, and at least one coil located outside ofthe housing. A circuit is coupled to the coil and adapted to use atleast one coil and the permanent magnet to perform NMR measurements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an NMR measurement sequence according tothe prior art.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of spin echo signals produced in response tothe NMR measurement sequence of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a system that uses a programmable NMRmeasurement tool in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary portion of an NMR measurementsequence according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a state diagram illustrating states of an NMR measurementsequence according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of state descriptors according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a graphical user interface that may be usedto program the tool of FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of the packaging of state descriptors beforetransmission to the NMR measurement tool according to an embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 8A is an illustration of the packaging of the state descriptors ofFIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of circuitry of the tool according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a pulse sequencer of the tool of FIG.9 according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 is an illustration of the organization of data in a memory ofthe pulse sequencer of FIG. 10 according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 11A is an illustration of the unfolding of the state descriptors toremove loops.

FIG. 12 is a waveform illustrating the decay of a radio frequency (RF)signal that is used to automatically tune the resonant frequency of anantenna of the pulse sequencer according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 13 is a spectral distribution of the signal of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a sensor of the tool according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the sensor of FIG. 14according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 16 is a top view of the sensor of FIG. 14 according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17 is a plot a magnetic permeability of a ferromagnetic material ofthe sensor according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 18 is a plot illustrating the relationships between the frequencyof transmission pulses and the static magnetic field versus the depth ofinvestigation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 3, an embodiment 48 of a NMR measurement system inaccordance with the invention includes a nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) wireline tool 50 that may be programmed with a wide range of NMRmeasurement sequences. In particular, the tool 50 is constructed toreceive logging sequence data 52 that defines a particular NMRmeasurement sequence to be performed by the tool 50. The data 52, inturn, includes state descriptors, each of which indicates a state of theNMR measurement sequence during an associated time slice, or interval,of the sequence. Thus, due to this arrangement, the tool 50 may generatethe NMR measurement sequence in response to the state descriptors, asdescribed below. In some embodiments, the state descriptors may begenerated by a computer 60 (located at the surface of the well, forexample) that communicates the resultant data 52 via a wireline 109 tothe tool 50, as described below. The computer 60 may also receivemagnetic resonance (MR) data 55 from the tool 50 via the wireline 109.The data 52 may be loaded into the tool 50 via other techniques (via aserial link before the tool 50 is lowered downhole, for example) otherthan the above-described wireline technique.

Each state descriptor is associated with a particular time interval ofthe NMR measurement sequence and indicates the logical states of varioussignals that control the tool 50 during that time interval. For example,a particular state descriptor may indicate the state of a digital signalthat establishes the frequency of a carrier signal of transmitted radiofrequency (RF) pulses, and the same state descriptor may indicate thestate of another digital signal that indicates a phase of the carriersignal, as just a few examples. As another example, a particular statedescriptor may indicate the logic levels of voltages that are used tooperate switches of the tool 50 to generate the NMR measurementsequence, as described below. In some embodiments, each state descriptormay also indicate the duration of the associated time interval.

The tool 50 may store state descriptors for several NMR measurements. Inthis manner, the sequence(s) to be used may be selected before the tool50 is lowered downhole. Furthermore, due to the tool's 50 ability tostore state descriptors for multiple NMR measurement sequences, the tool50 may use different sequences downhole. For example, the tool 50 mayuse sequences that have different RF frequencies for purposes ofestablishing different resonance shells 406 (see FIG. 16) to investigatedifferent regions of the formation, as further described below.

The tool 50 includes circuitry 53 that is electrically coupled to an NMRsensor 57 of the tool 50. As described below, the circuitry 53 receivesthe data 52 from the wireline 109 and interacts with the sensor 57 toperform a given NMR measurement sequence and also communicates the MRdata 55 (via the wireline 109) to the computer 60.

Referring to FIG. 4, as an example, an exemplary portion 70 of an NMRmeasurement sequence may span a duration formed by successive timeintervals t₀, t₁, t₂, t₃, t₄, and t₅. Each of these time intervals, inturn, is associated with a state descriptor. For example, during the t₁time interval, the corresponding state descriptor may indicate logicalstates of signals to cause the transmission of an RF pulse 72 (a tippingpulse or a refocusing pulse, as examples). Furthermore, during the t₀time interval, the state descriptor that is associated with the t₀ timeinterval may indicate signal states that establish a phase and afrequency of the RF carrier signal for the RF pulse 72. As anotherexample, during the t₁ time interval, the state descriptor that isassociated with the t₁ time interval may indicate a switching signalstate that causes an input to an RF receiver of the tool 50 to beshorted (to prevent false readings) during the transmission of the RFpulse 72.

Similarly, other state descriptors may indicate the appropriate signalstates to cause the generation of other RF pulses (such as the RF pulses74 and 76) during the exemplary portion 70 of the NMR measurementsequence that is depicted in FIG. 4. As another example, for the casewhere the RF pulse 72 is a refocusing pulse, the state descriptor thatis associated with the time interval t₂ may indicate a signal state thatcauses the transmission antenna (that is used to radiate the RF pulse72) to be isolated from the receiver circuitry (of the tool 50) duringthe t₂ time interval when a spin echo signal is received. As notedabove, besides indicating signal states, in some embodiments, each statedescriptor indicates its own duration. Thus, for example, the statedescriptor that is associated with the t₂ time interval establishes theduration of the t₂ time interval.

Referring to FIG. 5, thus, each state descriptor is associated with ageneral state (denoted by “STATE” in the description below) of the NMRmeasurement sequence. For example, one STATE may occur during thetransmission of a refocusing pulse and another STATE may occur duringthe subsequent time interval when a spin echo signal is received. Inthis manner, referring to FIG. 5 that depicts an exemplary state diagramfor the NMR measurement sequence, in STATE1 of the NMR measurementsequence, the associated state descriptor causes theassertion/deassertion of various signals in the circuitry 53 to controlthe output of the tool 50 during STATE1 and to possibly establishparameters (such as a carrier phase and a frequency as examples) thatare used in an upcoming STATE of the NMR measurement sequence. After thetime interval that is associated with STATE1 elapses, the NMRmeasurement sequence moves to STATE2, a STATE described by another statedescriptor. In this manner, the state descriptor that is associated withSTATE2 causes the assertion/deassertion of various signals in thecircuitry 53.

As depicted in FIG. 5, the NMR measurement sequence may loop betweenSTATE1 and STATE2 N times. To accomplish this, in some embodiments, thestate descriptor that is associated with STATE1 indicates the beginningof the loop, and the state descriptor that is associated with STATE2indicates the end of the loop. Either the state descriptor thatdescribed STATE1 or the state descriptor that describes STATE2 mayindicate the number of times (N, for this example) to repeat the loop.After N loops, the NMR measurement sequence moves on to STATE3, a statecontrolled by another state descriptor. As depicted in FIG. 5, anotherloop (of M times) that includes STATE1, STATE2 and STATE 3 may becreated, as another example.

Thus, the state descriptors may be used to control states of the NMRmeasurement sequence. To summarize, each state descriptor may indicatesome or all of the following attributes. First, each state descriptorindicates the states of various signals that are used to establish theassociated state or future states of the NMR measurement sequence. Thestate descriptor may also indicate the duration of the associated NMRmeasurement sequence state. The state descriptor may also indicateparameters (a carrier frequency or a carrier phase, as examples) of thenext NMR measurement sequence state after the current state elapses.Regarding loops, the state descriptor may indicate a beginning of a loopor an end of a loop, and the state descriptor may indicate a repeatcount for a loop.

FIG. 6 depicts four exemplary state descriptors 90, 92, 94 and 96, eachof which is associated with a different state (called STATE1, STATE2,STATE3 and STATE4 but are not necessarily related to the states that aredepicted in FIG. 5) of an NMR measurement sequence. In this manner, thestate descriptor 90 (associated with STATE1) indicates the output states(denoted by “11111110b,” where the suffix “b” denotes a binaryrepresentation) for one or more signals of the tool 50. The statedescriptor 90 also indicates a duration of 500 microseconds (μs) forSTATE1 and does not indicate the beginning or end of any loops.Therefore, at the end of 500 μs, the NMR measurement sequence entersSTATE2, a state described by the state descriptor 92. The statedescriptor 92 indicates the output states of one of more signals of thetool 50 and also indicates a duration of 200 microseconds (μs) forSTATE2. The state descriptor 92 further indicates the beginning(depicted by “{” in FIG. 6) of a loop that is repeated three times. Atthe end of 200 μs, the NMR measurement sequence enters STATE3, a stateassociated with state descriptor 94, and remains in STATE3 for theindicated duration (450 μs). The state descriptor 94 indicates the endof the loop that begins with STATE2. Thus, after the 450 μs duration,the NMR measurement sequence transitions back to STATE2 to traverse theloop again. After the loop is repeated three times, the NMR measurementsequence transitions to STATE4 that is associated with the statedescriptor 96 and remains in STATE4 for 100 μs. Although one loop isdescribed in the above example, the state descriptors may indicatemultiple loops, and the state descriptors may indicate nested loops.

Referring to FIG. 7, in some embodiments, the program 62 (see FIG. 3),when executed by the computer 60, causes the computer 60 to form agraphical user interface (GUI) 97 (on a display of the computer 60) thatpermits visual creation and editing of the states of the NMR measurementsequence. In this manner, the GUI 97 displays columns (columns 1-11, forexample, as depicted in FIG. 7), each of which is associated with astate of the NMR measurement sequence. As depicted in FIG. 7, an upperrow of the GUI 97 is a title row that permits labeling of each columnfor ease of reference. In this manner, the states may be titled andre-titled by clicking on the title of a particular state with a mouseand renaming the state by using the keyboard of the computer. Thedisplayed signal states and state durations that are described below maybe changed or entered in a similar fashion.

The row below the title row displays the duration of each state, and therow between the displayed state durations displays embedded loop codes.For example, in column 1, the characters “8{” indicate the beginning ofan outer loop that is repeated eight times. As example, the outer loopmay define eight NMR measurements. In column 5, the characters “1200{”indicate the beginning of an inner nested loop that is repeated 1200times. As an example, the inner loop may define refocusing pulses anddelays to allow spin echo acquisition, and the portion of the outer loopthat is outside of the inner loop may define a tipping pulse.

The remaining rows of the GUI 97 indicate logical signal states for eachstate of the NMR measurement sequence. For example, a signal denoted by“RF” has a logic one level to indicate the beginning of a pulse and hasa zero logic level otherwise. As another example, a signal denoted by“ACQ” indicates an acquisition phase with a logic one level and has alogic zero level otherwise. Some of the other signals that are depictedin FIG. 7 are described below in connection with the circuitry 53 of thetool 50.

Referring to FIG. 8, the computer 60 may package the state descriptorsin the following manner to form the data 52 that is communicated to thetool 50. The first data block that is communicated to the tool 50 mayinclude header information, such as the number of state descriptors thatare being communicated. The subsequent data blocks are formed from thestate descriptors in the order of the corresponding states. Thus, thesecond block of data is the state descriptor for the STATE1, the thirdblock of data is the state descriptor for the STATE2, etc.

FIG. 8A depicts an example of the packaging of the state descriptors 90,92, 94 and 96 of FIG. 6. As shown, the first data block indicates thatthe number of states is four. The next four blocks depict the statedescriptors 90, 92, 94, 96, respectively. As shown, the state descriptor92 indicates a loop count of three while the other state descriptors 90,94 and 96 indicate loop counts of zero. In this manner, each time thestate corresponding to the state descriptor 92 occurs, the correspondingloop counter is decremented by one. Also depicted in FIG. 8A are thebranch conditions (called “jumps” in FIG. 8A) that indicate the nextstate. If the loop count is zero, then control transitions to the nextsuccessive state. However, if the loop count is not zero, then thecorresponding branch condition indicates the next state.

Referring to FIG. 9, in some embodiments, the circuitry 53 communicateswith the computer 60 to perform a given NMR measurement sequence basedon the state descriptors. To accomplish this, a downhole controller 110is coupled to the wireline 109 to communicate with the computer 60 toreceive the data 52 and provide the resultant state descriptors to aprogrammable pulse sequencer 111. The pulse sequencer 111, in turn,executes the state descriptors to generate signals (on signal lines 113)that control the NMR measurement sequence. In the course of the NMRmeasurement sequence, the pulse sequencer 111 may perform the followingactions: generate signals that operate a power amplifier 118 to generateRF transmission pulses, communicate (via a serial bus 121) with aresonance tuning circuit 112 to control the resonance frequency of amain receiving antenna 132 (represented by an inductor), control (via anACQ signal) the activation of digital receiver circuitry 114, controlthe activation of transmission circuitry and generate signals to controlvarious switches of the circuitry 53, as further described below.

Besides the pulse sequencer 111, the circuitry 53 includes a frequencysynthesizer 116 that is coupled to the pulse sequencer 111 to generateclock signals for the circuitry 53 based on executed state descriptors.For example, the frequency synthesizer 116 may generate clock signalsbased on the RF frequency and phase that are indicated by an executedstate descriptor. The pulse sequencer 111 may then use one of theseclock signals to generate an RF transmission pulse by interacting withthe power amplifier 118. A bus 117 establishes communication between thedigital receiver 114, the downhole controller 110 and the pulsesequencer 111. The circuitry 53 is coupled to multiple antennae 132, 134and 136 of an NMR sensor 57, described below. The main antenna 132 maybe used to transmit RF pulses and receive spin echo signals. In someembodiments, the other antennae 134 and 136 are used to receive spinecho signals. The antennae 132, 134 and 136 are distributed along thelength of the sensor 57, an arrangement that may be used to obtain highresolution T1 measurements and multiple T1 measurements using a singleNMR measurement sequence, as further described in U.S. Pat. No.6,255,818 issued Jul. 3, 2001.

The generation of a transmission pulse (a refocusing pulse or a tippingpulse, as examples) may occur in the following manner. First, the pulsesequencer 111 executes a particular state descriptor that indicates (viaa signal called RF) that an RF pulse is to be generated during the nextNMR measurement state. In this manner, during the next NMR measurementstate, the pulse sequencer 111 uses a clock signal that is provided bythe frequency synthesizer to generate signals to produce an RF pulse atthe output of the power amplifier 118. During the next state, the pulsesequencer 111 executes the next state descriptor that causes the pulsesequencer 111 to activate the appropriate switches to couple the outputterminal of the power amplifier 118 to one of the three antennae (theantenna 132, 134 or 136) and isolate the remaining two antennae. Theexecution of this descriptor also causes the pulse sequencer 111 toassert a signal that activates switch 144 to short out the inputterminals of a preamplifier 146 of the receiving circuitry; deassert asignal that deactivates switch 142 to decouple the preamplifier 146 fromthe output terminal of the power amplifier 118; and deassert the ACQsignal to disable the digital receiver 114 (that receives an outputsignal from the preamplifier 146), as just a few examples of the signalsthat may be controlled by a particular state descriptor.

To receive a spin echo signal, the appropriate state descriptor causesthe ACQ signal to be asserted to enable the digital receiver 114; causesthe BS signal to be deasserted to enable reception of a signal by thepreamplifier 146; and causes the assertion/deassertion of theappropriate switches to couple the main antenna 132 to the inputterminals of the preamplifier 146 while isolating the remaining antennae134 and 136 from the rest of the circuitry 53.

If As depicted in FIG. 9, switches 180, switches 168 and switches 166are controlled via signals that are generated from the execution of thestate descriptors to selectively couple the antennae 132, 136 and 134,respectively, to an output terminal of the power amplifier 118. Switches182, 164 and 170 are controlled via signals that are generated from theexecution of the state descriptors to selectively shunt coils of theantennae 132, 134 and 136, respectively, to ground.

Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, in some embodiments, the pulse sequencer111 includes a processor 302 (a digital signal processor (DSP), forexample) that communicates with the downhole controller 110 to receivethe state descriptors. For purposes of executing the state descriptors,the processor 302 removes any loops, or branches, that exist between thestate descriptors to create a linearized pipelined stack 309 ofdescriptors 312. (see FIG. 11) for execution. For example, the statedescriptors that describe STATE1 and STATE2 may form a loop betweenSTATE1 and STATE2 that repeats N times. To remove the branches, theprocessor 302 creates a stack of 2N descriptors 312.

Each descriptor 312 includes a field 314 that indicates the duration ofthe associated state of the NMR measurement sequence. For example, thefield 314 may indicate the number of clock periods that elapse duringthe associated state. In some embodiments, each clock period is setapproximately equal to one divided by the Larmor frequency. Eachdescriptor 312 also includes a field 316 that indicates the states ofvarious signals. For example, a particular bit of the field 316 mayindicate a logical state of a switching signal. However, groups of bitsin the field 316 may collectively indicate a digital signal, such as anRF frequency or phase, for example.

As a more specific example, FIG. 11A depicts the unfolding of the statedescriptors 90, 92, 94 and 96 (see FIG. 6) to form eight descriptors 372that may be successively executed by the processor 302. In this manner,the first descriptor 372 is directly derived from the descriptor 90 andindicates a duration of 500 μs. The next six descriptors 372 arebasically three copies of the descriptor 92 (that indicates a durationof 200 μs) followed by the descriptor 94 (that indicates a duration of450 μs). Finally, the remaining descriptor 372 is directly derived fromthe descriptor 96 (that indicates a duration of 100 μs).

Referring back to FIG. 10, the processor 302 stores the unfolded statedescriptors in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) fashion in a FIFO memory 304.In some embodiments, the FIFO memory 304 may assert a signal to alertthe processor 302 when the FIFO memory 304 becomes half empty so thatthe processor 302 may store additional descriptors in the FIFO memory304. An output latch 306 of the pulse sequencer 111 receives the bitsfrom the field 316, and a counter 308 of the pulse sequencer 111receives the bits from field 314. In some embodiments, both the counter308, the output of the FIFO memory 304 and the latch 306 are clocked bya clock signal (called CLK_(L)) at the Larmor frequency. In someembodiments, the counter 308 is a decrementing counter that signals theprocessor 302 when its count is zero. In response to this signal, theprocessor 302 causes the latch 306 and the counter 308 to load new datafrom the FIFO memory 304. In this manner, for each state descriptor, theoutput latch 306 provides signals indicative of the field 316 for thenumber of Larmor clock signals that is indicated by the field 314. Someof these signals are communicated to a pulse generator 300 (viaconductive lines 305) and some of the signals are communicated toconductive lines 303 that control the various circuits described above.The pulse generator 300 generates the signals to control the poweramplifier 118. The input of the FIFO 304 and the processor 302 areclocked at a higher frequency (via a higher frequency CLK_(p)) than theLarmor frequency. This frequency difference allows more processing timefor the processor 302 to process the state descriptors and thus,promotes continuous execution of the state descriptors.

Referring back to FIG. 9, among the other features of the circuitry 53,a resonance tuning circuit 126 may be used to tune the main antenna 132.In this manner, the circuit 126 includes capacitors 128 that may beselectively coupled (via a serially coupled switch 130) in parallel withthe main antenna 132. Another capacitor 160 may be permanently coupledin parallel with the main antenna 132 to establish a base resonantfrequency for the antenna 132. Due to this arrangement, the downholecontroller 110 may selectively activate the switches 128 to adjust theresonance frequency of the main antenna 132. To accomplish this, in someembodiments, the resonance tuning circuit 126 includes a control circuit120 that is coupled to the serial bus 121. In this manner, the controlcircuit 120 serves as a bus interface to permit selective activation ofthe switches 130 by the downhole controller 110.

In some embodiments, the downhole controller 110 automatically tunes theresonance frequency of the antenna 132 after each NMR measurementsequence. In this manner, at the end of the sequence, the downholecontroller 110 causes the pulse sequencer 111 to generate a calibrationpulse 349 that is depicted in FIG. 12. The downhole controller 110 opensthe switch 144 (see FIG. 9) and closes the switch 142 to observe avoltage decay 350 across the antenna 132 after the pulse 349. Thedownhole controller 110 performs a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of thevoltage decay 350 to derive a spectral composition of the decay 350, acomposition that provides the resonant frequency 352 of the antenna 132,as depicted in FIG. 13. Then downhole controller 110 determines adifference between the determined resonance frequency and the Larmorfrequency and makes corresponding corrections by activating theappropriate switches 128 of the resonance tuning circuit 126. In thismanner, in some embodiments, after each NMR measurement sequence, thedownhole controller 110 repeats the above-described calibration to keepthe antenna 132 tuned to a frequency near the Larmor frequency.

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 14, the NMR sensor 57 includes a cylindricalpermanent magnet 410 to establish a static magnetic B₀ field forperforming the NMR measurement sequence. The magnetic field of themagnet 410 is polarized across the diameter of the magnet 410. Thesensor 57 also includes a ferrite material 405 (i.e., a ferromagneticmaterial) that is located adjacent to and partially circumscribes thepermanent magnet 410 about a longitudinal axis of the magnet 410. Theantennae 134 and 136 are located near opposite ends of the ferritematerial 405 and are formed from corresponding coils that are woundaround the ferrite material 405 such that the magnetic moments of theantennae 134 and 136 are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the magnet410. Unlike the antennae 134 and 136, the antenna 132 is formed from acoil that has a magnetic moment that is tangential to the longitudinalaxis of the permanent magnet 410. To accomplish this, the coil thatforms the antenna 132 extends around a section 401 of the ferritematerial 405, as depicted in FIG. 15. In this manner, the ferritematerial 405 may be formed from stacked sections 401.

The ferrite material 405 aids both the static magnetic field that iscreated by permanent magnet 410 and the generation/reception of RFsignals by the antennae 132, 134 and 136. In this manner, the ferritematerial 405 becomes radially polarized, as depicted in FIG. 16, toeffectively radially extend the static magnetic field. Referring to FIG.17, the static magnetic field also raises the magnetic permeability ofthe ferrite material between a saturated level and the permeability of avacuum to aid in the reception of spin echo signals and the transmissionof RF pulses.

The RF antenna coils of conventional tools may circumscribe thepermanent magnet. However, unlike conventional tools, the antennae 132,134 and 146 are formed around the ferrite material 405. Due to thisarrangement, in some embodiments, a metallic cylindrical sleeve 410 (seeFIG. 16) encases the permanent magnet 405, an arrangement not possiblewhen the coils circumscribe permanent magnet 405. The sleeve 410protects and provides structural support to prevent the permanent magnet405 from shattering when the tool 50 is retrieved uphole.

The region of the formation that is investigated by the NMR measurementis determined by the condition:

|ω−γB₀|<B₁,

where ω is the center frequency of the RF pulses, γ is the gyromagneticratio, which is (2π).(4258) radian/sec/Gauss for protons; B₀ is themagnitude of the static magnetic field; and B₁ is the magnitude of thecomponent of the RF field that is perpendicular to the static field. Themagnitudes of these fields are position dependent. The region in whichthe resonance condition is satisfied is shaped like a thin shell. Thethickness of the resonant shell is on the order of 1 mm. The distancefrom the logging tool to the resonant shell is controlled by thefrequency of the RF pulses as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,597,681,entitled, “Nuclear Magnetic Well Logging,” issued on Aug. 3, 1971. FIG.18 shows that the magnitude of the static field is a decreasing functionof the distance from the logging tool. Therefore, decreasing thefrequency of the RF pulses causes the tool to investigate deeper intothe formation. One of the functions of the programmable pulse sequencer111 is to set the frequency synthesizer 116 to produce a particularfrequency that corresponds to a predetermined depth into the formation.The pulse sequencer 111 can rapidly change the frequency of thesynthesizer 116, thereby changing the depth of investigation.

What is claimed is:
 1. An NMR measurement apparatus comprising: apermanent magnet; a ferromagnetic material located adjacent to thepermanent magnet; at least one coil circumscribing the ferromagneticmaterial; and a circuit coupled to the coil and adapted to use said atleast one coil and the permanent magnet to perform NMR measurements. 2.The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the permanent magnetcomprises a cylindrical magnet having a longitudinal axis and theferromagnetic material at least partially circumscribes the permanentmagnet about the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical magnet.
 3. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 2, wherein the magnet produces a magneticfield in an earth formation and the coil produces a radio frequencyfield orthogonal to the magnetic field in the earth formation.
 4. TheNMR measurement apparatus of claim 3, wherein the magnetic is polarizedacross the diameter of the magnet.
 5. The NMR measurement apparatus ofclaim 4, wherein the magnet has a magnetization direction polarized in adirection pointing away from the ferromagnetic material.
 6. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 4, wherein the magnet has a magnetizationdirection polarized in a direction pointing toward the ferromagneticmaterial.
 7. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 4, wherein themagnet produces a magnetic filed along a longitudinal axis of the NMRmeasurement apparatus.
 8. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 4,wherein the magnet has a magnetization direction polarized in adirection pointing adjacent the ferromagnetic material.
 9. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 4, wherein the magnet produces a magneticfield tangential to the NMR measurement apparatus.
 10. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the permanent magnetsubstantially influences the magnetic permeability of the ferromagneticmaterial.
 11. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 1, wherein thepermanent magnetic establishes a static magnetic field and theferromagnetic material substantially influences the static magneticfield.
 12. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 1, wherein the coilcircumscribes the ferromagnetic material about the transverse axis ofthe ferromagnetic material.
 13. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim12, wherein the coil comprises a first cross coil and a second crosscoil, the first coil and the second coil located proximate opposite endsof the ferromagnetic material.
 14. The NMR measurement apparatus ofclaim 12, further comprising: a second coil circumscribing theferromagnetic material about a longitudinal axis of the ferromagneticmaterial.
 15. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 14, wherein thesecond coil circumscribes the ferromagnetic material about a transverseaxis of the ferromagnetic material.
 16. The NMR measurement apparatus ofclaim 14, wherein the second coil circumscribes the ferromagneticmaterial such that a magnetic moment of the second coil is parallel to alongitudinal axis of the magnet.
 17. The NMR measurement apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the coil circumscribes the ferromagnetic material suchthat a magnetic moment of the coil is parallel to the longitudinal axisof the magnet.
 18. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecoil circumscribes multiple sides of the ferromagnetic material.
 19. AnNMR measurement apparatus comprising: a permanent magnet; a metallichousing at least partially encasing the permanent magnet; aferromagnetic material located outside the metallic housing and adjacentthe permanent magnet; at least one coil located outside of the housing;and a circuit coupled to the coil and adapted to use said at least onecoil and the permanent magnet to perform NMR measurements.
 20. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 19, further comprising: a ferromagneticmaterial circumscribed by said at least one coil.
 21. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 20, wherein the coil circumscribes theferromagnetic material about a transverse axis of the ferromagneticmaterial.
 22. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 21, wherein thecoil comprises a first cross coil and a second cross coil, the firstcross coil and the second cross coil are located proximate opposite endsof the ferromagnetic material.
 23. The NMR measurement apparatus ofclaim 21 further comprising: a second coil circumscribing theferromagnetic material about the longitudinal axis of the ferromagneticmaterial.
 24. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 23, wherein thesecond coil circumscribes the ferromagnetic material about thetransverse axis of the ferromagnetic material.
 25. The NMR measurementapparatus of claim 23, wherein the coil circumscribes the ferromagneticmaterial such that the magnetic moment of the coil is parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the magnet.
 26. The NMR measurement apparatus ofclaim 20, wherein the coil circumscribes the ferromagnetic material suchthat a magnetic moment of the coil is parallel to the longitudinal axisof the magnet.
 27. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 20, whereinthe magnet produces a magnetic field in an earth formation and the coilproduces a radio frequency field orthogonal to the magnetic field in theearth formation.
 28. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 27, whereinthe magnet is polarized across the diameter of the magnet.
 29. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 27, wherein the magnet has amagnetization direction polarized in a direction pointing away from theferromagnetic material.
 30. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 27,wherein the magnet has a magnetization direction polarized in adirection pointing toward the ferromagnetic material.
 31. The NMRmeasurement apparatus of claim 27, wherein the magnet produces amagnetic filed along a longitudinal axis of the NMR measurementapparatus.
 32. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 27, wherein themagnet has a magnetization direction polarized in a direction pointingadjacent the ferromagnetic material.
 33. The NMR measurement apparatusof claim 27, wherein the magnet produces a magnetic field tangential tothe NMR measurement apparatus.
 34. The NMR measurement apparatus ofclaim 20, wherein the coil circumscribes multiple sides of theferromagnetic material.
 35. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 20,wherein the permanent magnet comprises a cylindrical magnet having alongitudinal axis and the ferromagnetic material at least partiallycircumscribes the permanent magnet about the longitudinal axis of thecylindrical magnet.
 36. The NMR measurement apparatus of claim 19,further comprising: a ferromagnetic material located near the metallichousing.